M.A.A. Al-Etby1* and L.A. Al-Saad2
(1) Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Basra, Basra, Iraq; (2) Department of intelligent medical systems, College of Computer Sciences an IT, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq.
*Email of the corresponding author: [email protected]
Honeybees are crucial pollinators for numerous crops and maintain the well-being of ecosystems. Therefore, it is important to know honeybees’ genetic diversity and population structure for their conservation and management. Molecular markers have been extensively employed in bee research to study genetics, introgression, and population structure. The present review will concentrate on applications of molecular markers towards molecular diagnosis of honeybee lineages. Non-hybridization markers such as RFLP (restricted fragment length polymorphism) and PCR-based markers like mitochondrial DNA markers, microsatellites, SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms), AFLP (Amplified fragment length polymorphism), Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA, ISSR (inter simple sequence repeats), SCAR (Sequence Characterized Amplified Region) and NGS (Next Generation Sequencing) together with biochemical markers are among the different kinds of molecular makers used in honey bee studies. Furthermore, this review also discussed how these approaches can be applied to conserve and manage honeybee populations.
Apis mellifera, DNA barcoding, genetic diversity, molecular markers.
https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-001461